knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
#Set up the packages
if(!require(rcompanion)){install.packages('rcompanion', dependencies = TRUE)} #For cramer V
## Loading required package: rcompanion
## Warning: package 'rcompanion' was built under R version 4.0.3
if(!require(readxl)){install.packages('readxl', dependencies = TRUE)} #For reading excel file
## Loading required package: readxl
if(!require(compute.es)){install.packages('compute.es', dependencies = TRUE)} #For effect size conversion
## Loading required package: compute.es
## Warning: package 'compute.es' was built under R version 4.0.3
if(!require(DescTools)){install.packages('DescTools', dependencies = TRUE)} #For cramer V CIs calculations
## Loading required package: DescTools
## Warning: package 'DescTools' was built under R version 4.0.3
if(!require(corpora)){install.packages('corpora', dependencies = TRUE)} #For z score
## Loading required package: corpora
## Warning: package 'corpora' was built under R version 4.0.3
if(!require(pander)){install.packages('pander', dependencies = TRUE)} #For session info
## Loading required package: pander
## Warning: package 'pander' was built under R version 4.0.3
if(!require(exact2x2)){install.packages('exact2x2', dependencies = TRUE)} #For McNemar test
## Loading required package: exact2x2
## Warning: package 'exact2x2' was built under R version 4.0.3
## Loading required package: exactci
## Warning: package 'exactci' was built under R version 4.0.3
## Loading required package: ssanv
## Warning: package 'ssanv' was built under R version 4.0.3
if(!require(haven)){install.packages('haven', dependencies = TRUE)} #For reading SPSS file
## Loading required package: haven
if(!require(tidyverse)){install.packages('tidyverse', dependencies = TRUE)} #For excluding participants
## Loading required package: tidyverse
## -- Attaching packages --------------------------------------- tidyverse 1.3.0 --
## v ggplot2 3.3.3 v purrr 0.3.4
## v tibble 3.0.4 v dplyr 1.0.2
## v tidyr 1.1.2 v stringr 1.4.0
## v readr 1.3.1 v forcats 0.5.0
## Warning: package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 4.0.5
## Warning: package 'tibble' was built under R version 4.0.3
## -- Conflicts ------------------------------------------ tidyverse_conflicts() --
## x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## x dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
if(!require(ggplot2)){install.packages('ggplot2', dependencies = TRUE)} #For plotting
if(!require(patchwork)){install.packages('patchwork', dependencies = TRUE)} #For combining plots
## Loading required package: patchwork
## Warning: package 'patchwork' was built under R version 4.0.4
if(!require(ggtext)){install.packages('ggtext', dependencies = TRUE)} #For annotation in ggplots
## Loading required package: ggtext
## Warning: package 'ggtext' was built under R version 4.0.5
library(rcompanion)
library(readxl)
library(compute.es)
library(DescTools)
library(corpora)
library(pander)
library(exact2x2)
library(haven)
library(tidyverse)
library(ggplot2)
library(patchwork)
library(ggtext)
#Read the full datafile
full_data <- read_sav("Gilovich+and+Medvec+(1994)+replication+and+extension+V3-G_May+4,+2021_10.10.sav")
#Exclusion
#First exclude participants low in seriousness (under 4), English understanding (under 5), and participants who had seen the survey(s)
excl_se_eng_seen <- full_data %>%
filter(serious >= 4 & engunder >= 5 & seen == 2)
nrow(excl_se_eng_seen)
## [1] 998
#Then we exclude participants not original from US
unique(excl_se_eng_seen$origcount)
## [1] "United States"
## [2] "Nigeria"
## [3] "usa"
## [4] "USA"
## [5] "United states"
## [6] "United States of America"
## [7] "US"
## [8] "Usa"
## [9] "united states"
## [10] "America"
## [11] "us"
## [12] "U.S."
## [13] "U.S"
## [14] "The united states"
## [15] "North America"
## [16] "united States"
## [17] "U.S.A."
## [18] "Us"
## [19] " United States"
## [20] "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"
## [21] "United states of America"
## [22] "Bahamas"
## [23] "U.S. Army Base Japan and lived in USA since 6 weeks old"
## [24] "UNITED STATES"
## [25] "Texas"
## [26] "United States of Anerica"
## [27] "United Sates of America"
## [28] "the United States of America"
## [29] "america"
## [30] "United States Of America"
## [31] "CA"
## [32] "united states of america"
none_us <- c("Nigeria", "Bahamas")
excl_none_us <- excl_se_eng_seen %>% filter(!(origcount %in% none_us))
nrow(excl_none_us)
## [1] 996
#Then we exclude participants who guessed the purposes of the studies correctly
unique(excl_none_us$funnel_purpose)
## [1] "How I feel from choices I have made."
## [2] "perceptions of regret from inaction vs action."
## [3] "to see how people view regrets in their life"
## [4] "I think this study was about how people look at regret in their lives."
## [5] "To look into perspectives of regret?"
## [6] "I really don't know. Obviously something to do with whether we feel action or inaction are more responsible for our feelings in life."
## [7] "The purpose of the study was about regret and responsibility."
## [8] "I think it was to see how we feel about action and inaction."
## [9] "perceptions of regret"
## [10] "Evaluating past mistakes"
## [11] "I have no idea."
## [12] "The purpose was to understand a subject's decision making and subsequent regret."
## [13] "I don't know; I'm just here to answer your questions, not analyze them."
## [14] "To see if I regret actions or inactions more."
## [15] "To determine how people evaluate regrets."
## [16] "This study wanted to see if action or inaction hurts more in the long run, and if the person feels more regret for one or the other."
## [17] "Perhaps to see whether doing something vs. not doing something engenders greater feelings of regret?"
## [18] "Perceptions of others."
## [19] "I'm not sure."
## [20] "Whether people regret more inaction or action choices"
## [21] "Determining the long-term affect of action vs. inaction choices"
## [22] "Evaluating types of regret and if inaction or action is considered more \"seriously\"?"
## [23] "To evaluate how people perceive regrets in life."
## [24] "To determine our perceptions on decisions."
## [25] "To gauge how people view regret."
## [26] "On how you view regrets"
## [27] "To see how much people regret past actions and inactions."
## [28] "To figure out if people regret action or inaction more"
## [29] "To determine whether people regret action or inaction more."
## [30] "To find out if we would regret action or inaction more"
## [31] "Regrets of action versus inaction"
## [32] "To see how regret affects people"
## [33] "How people make decisions that they wish they hadn't."
## [34] "This study compared action vs inaction with feelings of responsibility."
## [35] "to see how people view regret."
## [36] "I have no idea what the purpose of this study was."
## [37] "I think the purpose was to see the types of things that people regret that they are responsible for."
## [38] "To see which results in lifelong regret- action or inaction."
## [39] "Views on whether people regret actions they took or actions they didn't"
## [40] "how people regret things they did or did not do in liffe."
## [41] "Choices?"
## [42] "How we interpret actions and consequences"
## [43] "To see how I would decide about different choices."
## [44] "which type of regret is strongest"
## [45] "Regrets in life?"
## [46] "To see if we regret doing something or not doing something more."
## [47] "regrets"
## [48] "Life choices and how it affects us."
## [49] "Whether people regret things they did v things they didn't do"
## [50] "The purpose was to see how people internalize failures and regrets."
## [51] "The purpose was to commit to what was most important in one's life."
## [52] "decision"
## [53] "I really have no idea."
## [54] "to evaluate the responsibility others take for regretful actions or inactions"
## [55] "To see whether people have more regrets about things they did not do vs. things they did."
## [56] "to see what kind of regret people regret more"
## [57] "To see which people feel more responsible for, action or lack of action"
## [58] "Determining if people regret action or inaction more"
## [59] "How people handle their regrets in life"
## [60] "Evaluating action vs inaction."
## [61] "To see if taking action or not taking action leads to more regret."
## [62] "To see how honest people are."
## [63] "To see if people feel more responsible for the actions they have taken or for not acting at all."
## [64] "To learn what effects people more...doing something or NOT doing something."
## [65] "To study the decision making process from the perspective of action or inaction"
## [66] "I am not sure."
## [67] "I am not quite sure"
## [68] "assessing how people process regret"
## [69] "If we feel more responsible for actions or inactions"
## [70] "Evaluating active and inactive decision making, and regret."
## [71] "do we feel more control over not taking action or taking action"
## [72] "Ideas about personal regret in life.\n"
## [73] "probably to see what people's regrets are"
## [74] "To see if people regretted actions or inactions more."
## [75] "comprehending the differences between the two words inaction and action"
## [76] "To see what people regret in their life."
## [77] "I don't know."
## [78] "Perceived responsibility for personal action (or lack of action) in regards to negative life outcomes."
## [79] "I think it was to see whether we regret action or inaction more."
## [80] "Judging someone elses take on responsibility compared to our own."
## [81] "How one sees differently, regret of action or inaction."
## [82] "To see what peoples biggest regret is."
## [83] "Find out how much we think action or inaction results in regret"
## [84] "inability of action"
## [85] "To see how we determine our life decisions on the basis of action or inaction."
## [86] "To learn if people regret actions or inactions more."
## [87] "Something about regrets, and actions versus inactions."
## [88] "Regrets in action and non-action."
## [89] "To gauge how people feel about their past decisions and regrets."
## [90] "Regrets of action vs inaction"
## [91] "Regrets in life"
## [92] "To evaluate how people feel about different forms of regret."
## [93] "I think this study was about regrets"
## [94] "I think it was to see if people feel worse about inaction than action"
## [95] "I am not sure, but I would think it is about accountability."
## [96] "I believe it's about regrets in life and how they came about."
## [97] "no idea"
## [98] "I have no idea"
## [99] "What people regret more, something they did, or something they didn't do."
## [100] "To see if inaction or action is more regrettable."
## [101] "IF we felt worse by doing something or not doing something"
## [102] "if i could do things over"
## [103] "Reflecting on responsibility for outcomes"
## [104] "To determine which type of regret is more prevalent and more, well, regrettable."
## [105] "Comparing different types of regret and responsibility"
## [106] "learning about regrets people have"
## [107] "I think the survey was trying to see how different types of people think about the decisions they have made in life...good or bad."
## [108] "I think it was to ask what our regrets in life are, and how we place blame."
## [109] "To be honest I am unsure really."
## [110] "How people determine regret and responsibility."
## [111] "I guess it's about how we feel about regrets in life and comparing ones based on inaction or action."
## [112] "How we perceive different regrets in our lives (action/inaction)."
## [113] "To see how humans perceive action versus inaction."
## [114] "Our regrets over actions and inactions."
## [115] "Not sure"
## [116] "To see what my regrets in life are."
## [117] "Scientific research to help improve advertising."
## [118] "It was to evaluate how different people respond to the questions."
## [119] "The study attempted to connect the passage of time with feelings of personal guilt."
## [120] "To find out if people regret more the things they did or the things they did not do."
## [121] "To determine the individual's sense of guilt allocation."
## [122] "Regret on things you do or do not do."
## [123] "The purpose of this study is to differentiate between passive and active regret"
## [124] "To see if people tend to regret things they did do or did not do more"
## [125] "If we feel acting or not acting makes us feel regretful."
## [126] "To understand how people think, feel, make decisions, and act in various types of situations."
## [127] "Does action or inaction carry more significant feelings of responsibility."
## [128] "The purpose of the study is regrets and responsibility."
## [129] "evaluating regrets"
## [130] "To produce a study that appears in popsci article encouraging the reader to follow their dreams, thus securing funding for future research."
## [131] "To study whether people regret the things they do or things that they should have done."
## [132] "To analyze decision-making, sense of responsibility, and regret."
## [133] "Beliefs about regret and reactions to scenarios"
## [134] "Social research."
## [135] "To determine the effect that causes and effects have on certain life decisions."
## [136] "What feelings we get in life."
## [137] "im not sure"
## [138] "Study is trying to understand the types of decisions people regret the most."
## [139] "who knows"
## [140] "Finding about your regrets"
## [141] "how we deal with mistakes and how we explain theem."
## [142] "To judge how people evaluate regrets."
## [143] "To gauge perceptions of guilt and regret."
## [144] "Perceptions of self via actions taken/not taken"
## [145] "To determine how I feel over regrets."
## [146] "regrets in life."
## [147] "To see if remembering one's own regrets affects how one views regret of two other people if the choice they made didn't ultimately work out."
## [148] "I don't like to hypothesize on what researchers are looking for in their studies"
## [149] "I have no idea at all."
## [150] "To determine how people perceive regrets"
## [151] "Evaluate regrets people have had in their lives."
## [152] "To see what people regret in life."
## [153] "i think its about how we ted to regret our actions after making decision"
## [154] "A study on regrets?"
## [155] "To evaluate how we judge the regret scenario after confronting our own?"
## [156] "How do people evaluate regretful actions vs. regretful inaction?"
## [157] "no idea, still thinking about my regret now"
## [158] "The purpose was to study whether our actions or inactions leave more of an impression on us."
## [159] "See thoughts about regret of inaction and regret of action"
## [160] "To decide if regrets lies stronger with actions that are taken vs. actions that were never followed through on."
## [161] "evaluating feelings over long term decisions"
## [162] "Differentiating between different types of regrets."
## [163] "To test to see if people generally regret their actions or their inactions."
## [164] "I'm not really sure."
## [165] "Wanting to know about regrets in life"
## [166] "Sense of responsibility upon action vs. inaction."
## [167] "How people view making a decision versus not making a decision, if both end up causing a negative outcome."
## [168] "About regrets people have"
## [169] "I don't know unless it was assessing regrets."
## [170] "am not sure"
## [171] "To determine how regrets make us feel and what paths we take because of them."
## [172] "regret feelings based on action or inaction"
## [173] "I think the purpose of the study was to learn more about actions and inactions."
## [174] "Bring up bad memories, make people feel bad. Compare notes with other researchers, brag about who got the most for the least cash."
## [175] "To understand better how regret works."
## [176] "How our regrets impact our lives?"
## [177] "The purpose of the study could be to evaluate remorse and responsibility based on actions or a lack of."
## [178] "To measure people's regret in different ways."
## [179] "To understand ourselves feeling and thoughts"
## [180] "lfie choices and regrets"
## [181] "To see my views on regrets."
## [182] "Assessing personal responsibility?"
## [183] "I DON'T KNOW"
## [184] "It was about which regrets haunt us more, inaction or action-based ones."
## [185] "determine how regrets affect life?"
## [186] "I think the study wanted to know why people regret events in their life."
## [187] "Do people feel more responsible for things they did or didn't do."
## [188] "Analysing regret and what kind of decisions make us feel it more strongly."
## [189] "examine regret and responsibility of choice"
## [190] "To get user's perspective on regrets base on actions and inactions."
## [191] "I think this study is trying to tell whether people regret actions or inactions more"
## [192] "I think that it was about whether inaction is just as bad as inaction."
## [193] "To determine if making a decision taking an action is better or worst than not doing anything,"
## [194] "Assessing decisions and regrets in life."
## [195] "I honestly don't know."
## [196] "evaluating personal responsibility over decisions"
## [197] "To evaluate whether people feel more responsible for actions or inactions."
## [198] "to see how people feel about personal action and inaction choices they make"
## [199] "having regrets and remorse about doing something or NOT doing something."
## [200] "How people think about regrets."
## [201] "To determine how decisions are made."
## [202] "Whether I regret action or inaction more"
## [203] "Whether regrets of action or inaction are viewed as worse."
## [204] "how I feel about decisions made or not made in my life"
## [205] "to see if people regret doing things or not doing things more"
## [206] "I think the purpose was to see if people have more regrets over actions that turned out unfavorably or actions they had never taken."
## [207] "To see if a person is even aware of the mistakes they have made and their feeling about it."
## [208] "to see how we feel about action versus inaction"
## [209] "I have no clue what the purpose was of this study."
## [210] "Studying how much regret one feels for action vs inaction"
## [211] "examining regret?"
## [212] "I think that this study was evaluating which kind of mistakes people regret more, namely ones that sprung from an action they took versus an inaction."
## [213] "I guess to see if people feel more self-blame for things they actively did or things they passively (did not) do."
## [214] "Understanding how people view their actions"
## [215] "I believe to see how we feel about different active and inactive regrets."
## [216] "To decide if someone regrets action more or less than inaction."
## [217] "To see how people evaluate regret and whether action/inaction regret is more poignant."
## [218] "I do not know."
## [219] "I am not sure what this study was about"
## [220] "How to analyze and weigh decisions."
## [221] "Regret over inaction, versus action."
## [222] "I think you want to see whether my self assessments are in line with my assessments of others."
## [223] "I suppose to see how people feel about regret"
## [224] "I really don't know, but it sure made me feel sad and guilty."
## [225] "To see how people feel about regret"
## [226] "Evaluationg regret and guilt"
## [227] "Testing if people feel more responsibility tied to action or inaction."
## [228] "I think the study was about whether regrets or inaction or of action create a greater feeling of loss and responsibility."
## [229] "I'm not really sure, maybe how we analyze events."
## [230] "responsibility of actions vs. inactions."
## [231] "To determine how we view action versus passivity."
## [232] "if people regret action or inaction more"
## [233] "To determine whether action or inaction causes the most regret."
## [234] "People regrets and responsibilities."
## [235] "To see what types of regrets we dislike more of."
## [236] "Making life decisions"
## [237] "To understand which we regret most between activity or passivity."
## [238] "To understand regrets in life"
## [239] "Looking back on choices I made."
## [240] "It was to understand feelings of action versus inaction."
## [241] "To understand people’s regrets"
## [242] "to see if thinking about our choices and regrets impact our thoughts about Dave and Jim's decisions."
## [243] "thinking about regret"
## [244] "to find out what types of decisions we regret more - actions taken or inactions"
## [245] "I think the purpose was a study to determine ethics in our country today and morality."
## [246] "which makes us feel worse, an action or an inaction?"
## [247] "Which type of regret is worse"
## [248] "dc"
## [249] "The perceptions of regret"
## [250] "To determine if long-term or short-term decisions effect regrets."
## [251] "Do we regret more what we did or didn't do"
## [252] "making decisions."
## [253] "To determine if you regret active or passive decisions more"
## [254] "I think the study was to try and understand regret."
## [255] "I don't know"
## [256] "how I feel about past actions and inactions"
## [257] "To gauge how guilt is felt based on action or inaction."
## [258] "Not sure maybe decisions and regrets"
## [259] "Individuals level of regret and if regret of action is more than regret of inaction."
## [260] "I actually do not know what you are looking for."
## [261] "How I feel about choices that I make and if I have any regrets"
## [262] "How regrets affect us."
## [263] "Judge feelings of guilt?"
## [264] "idk"
## [265] "Difference between active and inactive regret."
## [266] "Perception of choices we make."
## [267] "Judging action or inaction in the negative and how it affects long term thoughts and reflections"
## [268] "reactions to decisions"
## [269] "Evaluate our regrets both earlier in life and currently."
## [270] "I think that the purpose of the study was to determine people's perceptions on their mistakes."
## [271] "How we feel about regrets of inaction vs. action, making decisions that lead to them."
## [272] "I think the survey was evaluating the differences in overall regrets vs spontaneous regrets."
## [273] "To determine what type of decisions people regret more, the ones involving action or the ones involving inaction."
## [274] "To understand how people perceive guilt"
## [275] "I'm not sure..."
## [276] "Not sure other than trying to measure regret from action/inaction."
## [277] "Whether people think action or inaction regrets are worse."
## [278] "To see whether people live with regret and how they view regret by their choice of whether someone else would feel about their action or inaction."
## [279] "To see if people regret inaction or action more, when the outcomes are negative."
## [280] "To see my views on regret."
## [281] "to understand peoples regrets"
## [282] "to see what our regrets are"
## [283] "how we judge our regrets and whether we are more concerned with what we didn't do as opposed to what we did do."
## [284] "I think it was to determine if people regret not doing something more than doing something."
## [285] "I guess it was about regret."
## [286] "I don't know, but way to drop some heavy thinking on me midafternoon."
## [287] "To see how we felt about bad actions we made in life."
## [288] "I am not sure"
## [289] "How people experience types of regret"
## [290] "Different feelings of action compared to inaction"
## [291] "To see what people regret in life"
## [292] "To gauge responsibility of decisions."
## [293] "people's regrets and attitudes about life."
## [294] "I honestly do not know."
## [295] "How we perceive the decisions we make."
## [296] "The study is about shedding light on how action and inaction affects people when there are negative outcomes."
## [297] "gauging whether action or inaction causes more guilt"
## [298] "If we regret what we did/didn't do more than the other"
## [299] "How decisions affect regret."
## [300] "evaluating the perception of regret based on action or inaction"
## [301] "How regret effects a person"
## [302] "Whether I do dumb things or let things happen to me"
## [303] "I took it literally."
## [304] "to predict quality of life success"
## [305] "To determine if people regret things they did over the things they didn't do."
## [306] "Consequences of our past actions"
## [307] "probably something more than the effects of choosing to act vs. choosing not to act"
## [308] "You know, II really have no idea at all."
## [309] "evaluation of life decisions"
## [310] "how people look at life."
## [311] "decision making"
## [312] "Your feelings about the regrets in your life"
## [313] "To analyze regretful behaviors."
## [314] "Regret?"
## [315] "to see whether action or inaction causes someone more regret."
## [316] "viewpoint"
## [317] "See how participants feel about their regrets."
## [318] "Am not sure."
## [319] "Learning about how personal choices or lack thereof affect regret and responsibility in people."
## [320] "The way people feel the most guilt."
## [321] "i have no idea"
## [322] "How people feel about their decisions."
## [323] "To figure out if we regret actions or inactions more"
## [324] "I think this study evaluates how people view their own past decisions including action or lack of action."
## [325] "The thought processes in which we think."
## [326] "People perceptions on mistakes that they have made in thier lives ."
## [327] "Regrets, and who's had a few."
## [328] "The purpose may have been to evaluate the severity and repercussions of action and inaction."
## [329] "writing about what we regretted in our lives."
## [330] "Do you feel more responsible for your actions or inactions."
## [331] "To understand others regrets in life."
## [332] "To see how people regret life choices?"
## [333] "to see how difficult is to decide between something you wish you did and something you wish you didn't."
## [334] "To identify if we regret things more that we did or did not do."
## [335] "To gauge how regrets are felt and perceived."
## [336] "I believe this study was examining regrets people have about decisions they make and how actions differ from inactions in severity."
## [337] "To see how people feel about action vs inaction, of course."
## [338] "To see if action or inaction causes more regret"
## [339] "Reviewing our regrets on actions and inactions and reflection on such"
## [340] "Perceptions on regrets"
## [341] "To determine if action regrets or inaction regrets effect people more"
## [342] "To gauge how different decisions end up impacting your life."
## [343] "I believe it was looking back at regrets and determining if it was an action or inaction that caused these regrets."
## [344] "i honestly have no clue"
## [345] "To see if we blame ourselves for inaction."
## [346] "To find out how life situations affect us."
## [347] "I am really not sure, but maybe to see what kinds of people (age, gender, etc.) find each type of regret more significant."
## [348] "What our morals are"
## [349] "How regret affects a person's view on life."
## [350] "To judge how people view their life decisions."
## [351] "Feelings on regret"
## [352] "To see regret in regards to action or inaction"
## [353] "Regrets and responsibility"
## [354] "Having participants evaluate what they regret more their past actions or non actions."
## [355] "Regret! Is it worth it to take risks?"
## [356] "Perceptions of regret"
## [357] "Whether we regret action or inaction more."
## [358] "The purpose of this study is to understand how people think and feel and make decisions in different situations."
## [359] "To understand what people regret and feel more responsible more: actions or inactions."
## [360] "see our perception on life"
## [361] "Determine whether or not people believe that taking the wrong action is worse than not acting at all in making mistakes."
## [362] "To get my opinion on past actions."
## [363] "I don't know the purpose of this study."
## [364] "How people reflect on past decisions."
## [365] "To see if people worry more about themselves or others."
## [366] "The grass is not greener on the other side."
## [367] "The purpose was comparing inaction and action involving regrets."
## [368] "Regret and the part it plays in our memories"
## [369] "Do we have bigger regrets about inaction or action?"
## [370] "To understand how peoples regrets affect how they did or did not do something."
## [371] "I believe the purpose is to see how people feel about regrets in their life."
## [372] "Relative perceptions of seriousness of actions vs. inactions?"
## [373] "I think the purpose of this study was to determine whether people regret action or inaction more."
## [374] "To see whether more people feel more responsible for inaction or bad action."
## [375] "To see which kind of regret bothers you more."
## [376] "right or wrong"
## [377] "To see whether people usually regret their inactions or actions the most."
## [378] "How people feel about decisions they make in life"
## [379] "Following instructions"
## [380] "Overall feelings about action or inaction."
## [381] "If guessing is an option, then I would have to say owning up to my responsibilities."
## [382] "Regretting"
## [383] "HOW I JUDGE WHICH REGRETS ARE MORE IMPORTANT."
## [384] "not sure"
## [385] "To see if people feel more responsible for things they did do, versus things they didn't do, even if both result in the same negative outcomes or similar ones."
## [386] "I'm not sure what the purpose was."
## [387] "regrets in my life"
## [388] "Thoughts on regrets and responsibility"
## [389] "I'm guessing it's just about how people view regrets."
## [390] "I think you are studying why people feel regret or remorse over decisions."
## [391] "To see if people regret actions or inaction more"
## [392] "I think the purpose of the study was to see how we view our decisions and how they impact how we view ourselves."
## [393] "To understand how people think about regret."
## [394] "The purpose of the study is to see how people evaluate regret."
## [395] "I think the purpose of this study was to see whether action or inaction makes someone feel more guilty."
## [396] "Mental framing of responsibility and affective outcomes"
## [397] "It is all about regrets"
## [398] "To see thoughts on regrets."
## [399] "perception"
## [400] "How do I review regrets in decisions."
## [401] "Whether people regret things they did or did not do more."
## [402] "I'm not sure what the study was about."
## [403] "Finding out how much people regret in life."
## [404] "How action and inaction determine peoples responsibility vs. regret."
## [405] "Gauging how we feel about past regrets"
## [406] "How we see our past and present."
## [407] "Determining if action or inaction is worse."
## [408] "The purpose of this study probably was to see whether people felt more regret and responsibility from an action or an inaction."
## [409] "observing actions and inactions"
## [410] "perceptions of actions and inactions"
## [411] "The study measured regrets in action and inaction."
## [412] "Assessing personal responsibility and being held accountable for behavior?"
## [413] "good study"
## [414] "To measure how people view their past regrets"
## [415] "To see if we regret the choices we make more than the ones we never tried."
## [416] "regret and inaction vs action"
## [417] "Decision making"
## [418] "To see how people think about their regrets"
## [419] "comparing feelings about things we do versus things we don't do."
## [420] "To determine opinions on regrets."
## [421] "dichotomy of regret"
## [422] "I think the purpose of this study was to gauge people's feelings regarding regret and action/inaction."
## [423] "Evaluating how people think of regret"
## [424] "To see peoples views on which type of regret is more profound to them."
## [425] "To see which kind of regret matters most to a person"
## [426] "Understand the importance of regretting action"
## [427] "Determining whether lost opportunities are worse than bad decisions."
## [428] "how people see regrets over their lives"
## [429] "Don’t know"
## [430] "To see if people have more regret of inaction vs action events"
## [431] "To determine regrets"
## [432] "Testing how \"deeply\" people feel responsible."
## [433] "I am not sure but I think it has to do with the final questions about Jim and Dave and the nature of their regrets."
## [434] "Regret in decision-making"
## [435] "To see what we most regret."
## [436] "Whether action or inaction causes the most regret."
## [437] "The purpose of this study was unknown"
## [438] "Is it about choices and regrets ?"
## [439] "I think the purpose was to understand how you feel about things you did wrong and regret doing"
## [440] "How do you handle different situations."
## [441] "REGRETS"
## [442] "To understand people's ideas on their regrets in life and how it affected them."
## [443] "our decisions based on if we regret them now or later"
## [444] "how we make decsions"
## [445] "To see which type of regret people feel strongest about."
## [446] "I'm not too sure"
## [447] "How people feel about regrets in their life."
## [448] "beliefs on not taking actions in life"
## [449] "A persons feelings regarding their actions."
## [450] "To see how regret affects my mindset."
## [451] "what choices make people feel the most regret."
## [452] "I think the surveys purpose was to judge my idea and realness of my own regrets of action and inaction."
## [453] "I'm not sure"
## [454] "To research whether we feel regret more for the things we have done or the things we have not done."
## [455] "To see if people could recall bad decisions and the impact of those decisions."
## [456] "Determining regrets in life and their affect."
## [457] "How people feel about their regrets."
## [458] "Something to do with moods affecting action."
## [459] "I have read articles about the elderly and what they say when they are older, their regrets. This made me think of those articles."
## [460] "I think the purpose of this study was to see my regrets and how I feel about them."
## [461] "Measuring whether people regret actions or inactions more."
## [462] "learning the actions and inaction we have taken and thus regret"
## [463] "To see if action or non-action has regret wise."
## [464] "How one reviews different types of regret."
## [465] "TO REFLECT OVER MY REGRETS AND RESPONSIBILITY."
## [466] "Looking at regrets."
## [467] "recall regrets"
## [468] "To see if our personal thoughts about action and inaction carried over into the scenario with Dave and Jim."
## [469] "Do we regret action or inaction more?"
## [470] "responsibility you feel on actions or inactions"
## [471] "The study the effects on decision-making"
## [472] "Unknown."
## [473] "To determine if action or inaction is more regrettable"
## [474] "I believe the purpose of this study was to observe whether or not participants regret action or inaction more."
## [475] "How different people process regret."
## [476] "Whether you regret doing something/taking action, versus doing nothing/not taking action."
## [477] "Responsibility"
## [478] "Action vs inaction and regrets."
## [479] "How we perceive actions and inaction and results or lack of ."
## [480] "Measure feelings of regret at different time scales"
## [481] "To see how people few action regrets compared to inaction."
## [482] "To see whether people regret actions or inactions more."
## [483] "Results of our action or inactions."
## [484] "I think it was about how action versus inaction affects our longterm feelings."
## [485] "It's about the difference between regretting because people act or people didn't act."
## [486] "unsure"
## [487] "do not know"
## [488] "If regret can be a causation in decision making."
## [489] "Evaluating feelings of regret in life"
## [490] "Regrets and which do people regret more, inactions or actions"
## [491] "To see how your own sense of responsibility matches up with your judgment on an outside scenario."
## [492] "To measure whether people regret more actions or inactions for themselves."
## [493] "Not sure really"
## [494] "It was to study peoples' thoughts."
## [495] "Our general ideas and feelings on regret."
## [496] "I don't know, something about regret."
## [497] "To write out my personal experiences."
## [498] "action vs inaction when taking decisions"
## [499] "To determine if action or inaction leads to more regret."
## [500] "How we make decisions that may or may not had a major impact on our lives"
## [501] "To determine if people in general regret inaction or actions the most."
## [502] "I am assuming this survey is about which type of regrets get the most attention"
## [503] "Action versus inaction and which choice leads to more regret."
## [504] "See if we regret action or inaction."
## [505] "How we feel about bad decisions we make in life"
## [506] "To understand the psychology of people's life choices and their consequences."
## [507] "i dunno."
## [508] "If i regret not doing stuff more than I regret doing stuff that's lame."
## [509] "To understand if making a decision or not (exerting some control over the situation) makes you regret it more?"
## [510] "How we perceive our actions or inactions to affect us"
## [511] "It was about regret and whether it was more painful for taking an action or due to inaction."
## [512] "To see whether people regret more the things they have done or haven't done."
## [513] "To open up old wounds that we are trying to bury."
## [514] "To see what people feel more responsible for."
## [515] "IF we would carry inaction/action basis for regrets into how we judged others."
## [516] "Comparing how people responsible think they are for regrets in their life"
## [517] "evaluating feelings of personal responsibility"
## [518] "The study explored personal feelings of regret and responsibility as related to actions or failure to act."
## [519] "To see how much regret people feel."
## [520] "Judging whether inaction or inaction leads to more regret."
## [521] "evaluating past actions or inactions"
## [522] "responsibilities"
## [523] "To learn if people regret the decisions they made in their life."
## [524] "Feeling of regret v responsibility with inaction v action"
## [525] "To see how people felt about regret"
## [526] "To see what kind of regret is worse"
## [527] "To measure how people view their own personal responsibilities."
## [528] "I feel that the purpose of this study was to learn more about situations that people regret."
## [529] "I bet it was looking at how people perceive regrets differently in their life."
## [530] "Something about how we feel about personal responsibility and decision making"
## [531] "How one assesses the past."
## [532] "To see how people feel about their decisions."
## [533] "To bring out our regrets"
## [534] "To get participants in a regretful state so they could sympathize with either Dave or Jim"
## [535] "Do we have more remorse for what we did wrong or for what we should have done right?"
## [536] "to see how attitudes and decisions affect decisions"
## [537] "To see how we view action vs inaction regrets differently depending on who we are."
## [538] "To determine which kind of regret people think is more agonizing."
## [539] "An analysis of a random group of Mturkers' opinions on whether or not regrets of action or regrets of inaction are more psychologically painful."
## [540] "To see if people regretted not venturing out into the unknown more than specific actions they have taken that they regret."
## [541] "Determine how people view regret based on inaction versus action"
## [542] "Evaluating regret"
## [543] "I think it was about whether action or inaction leads to more regret."
## [544] "decisions and regrets"
## [545] "To get an idea about action and inaction regrets in life."
## [546] "To see if people feel more responsible for their actions or inactions."
## [547] "To understand regrets I suppose."
## [548] "To see how people feel about different types of regrets over time."
## [549] "I don’t know. How we perceive our mistakes."
## [550] "I think it was to determine what people regret the most in life."
## [551] "Something to do with how people process their regrets, I would assume."
## [552] "To see how we claimed responsibility for our actions."
## [553] "Gauging regret in peoples lives? Really I have no idea."
## [554] "UNDERSTANDING HOW PEOPLE FEEL ABOUT REGRETS AND DECISIONS THEY HAVE MADE."
## [555] "To gage a person's feelings of regret for inaction or for action."
## [556] "How I view myself in relation to my actions."
## [557] "to see if action or inaction caused more negative feelings in people"
## [558] "Maybe how people perceive regret."
## [559] "determine whether people feel more responsibility with action or inaction."
## [560] "Understand peoples perception of different regrets."
## [561] "I think it was about how we feel about outcomes from decisions."
## [562] "To see which we regretted the most: action or inaction."
## [563] "To see how much people regret things they did or didn't do."
## [564] "determining which is worse, a bad decision or a lack of a decision."
## [565] "To see if people regret things they have done more or things they haven't done."
## [566] "To learn about what people consider their mistakes to be"
## [567] "Seeing what troubles most people more, things they did or things they didn't do?"
## [568] "I never seem to know."
## [569] "I think it was about regrets over choices you make over time."
## [570] "To see whether you think inaction or action regrets are worse, and then reframing it into an example and seeing if your views stay the same."
## [571] "To see if the survey taker is paying attention, very closely."
## [572] "Regrets from inaction"
## [573] "not entirely sure..."
## [574] "personal values and decisions"
## [575] "Uncertain what the purpose of this study was."
## [576] "I think that the purpose of the study is to assess whether people feel more responsible for action or inaction in terms of past regrets in life."
## [577] "Regret related to action and inaction and how people perceive it"
## [578] "Not sure."
## [579] "Whether people take responsibility for outcomes or whether they believe their environment determines their fate."
## [580] "Thinking about choices in life."
## [581] "How responsible you feel about your decisions"
## [582] "To see what people regret more."
## [583] "whether people regret the action they took or the inaction."
## [584] "To see how people view regret."
## [585] "See if action or inaction holds more responsibility for you."
## [586] "About the amount of regrets based on how much you feel responsible to the deicision."
## [587] "What leaves a person with more life time regrets?"
## [588] "I think you were trying to measure people regrets on inaction and the not knowing of dreams/things not experienced."
## [589] "to determine how others decide on which choices are morei mportant."
## [590] "to determine which people regret more--things they did or things they didn't do"
## [591] "vignettes of regret"
## [592] "no idea I could not identify the focus of your questions"
## [593] "To evaluate people's views on responsibility."
## [594] "To see if people view regrets differently and in context, will they regret things they did not do or things they did do. Then you asked about long term regrets versus short term."
## [595] "To determine whether regret is most tied to action or inaction."
## [596] "to know how individuals react to active and inactive decisions"
## [597] "determine if we regret our actions or our failure to act"
## [598] "The purpose was to see if people regret taking action or not taking action more."
## [599] "to test some sort of hypothesis"
## [600] "I think it was about action or inaction."
## [601] "Inaction or action, which did more to one’s psyche."
## [602] "regrets of action and inaction"
## [603] "To determine if here are more regrets from action versus inaction in past deeds."
## [604] "I really don't know what the purpose of this study was."
## [605] "To figure out the kind of actions people tend to regret."
## [606] "Interpreting decisions based on action and inaction."
## [607] "To see how people think"
## [608] "To learn about how we perceive regrets."
## [609] "Responsibility of actions vs inaction and guilt and remorse"
## [610] "To learn which regrets affect us most"
## [611] "Outlook on regrets"
## [612] "to figure out how we think about regret and what not."
## [613] "I think it was to determine what type of regret impacts people the most."
## [614] "To find out how I feel about regret when it comes to making a decision or not making a decision."
## [615] "Individual regrets of actions or inactions."
## [616] "Perhaps to evaluate if participants regret more those decisions made as a result of their actions taken over those made by inactions (???)"
## [617] "How people feel about their life regrets."
## [618] "To think about regrets you have for decisions you made or didn't make"
## [619] "Do we regret things we do more than things we want to do but don't."
## [620] "How we feel about our decisions/regrets?"
## [621] "how i judge my actions"
## [622] "To see how I would evaluate someone's decisions based on my own history with regrets."
## [623] "Determining if actions or inactions were worse"
## [624] "Whether people related more to inaction or action for regret."
## [625] "To determine how people feel about their personal regrets"
## [626] "Reflection of regrets and which type is the biggest"
## [627] "To see how many people live with big regrets."
## [628] "Determine if a person's regret type (action or inaction) correlate with how they perceive another person's regret."
## [629] "See how people feel regarding making decisions or lack of making decisions."
## [630] "Possibly determining if inactions or actions are more likely to be perceived as regretful."
## [631] "What do we regret more -- things we do or things we left undone?"
## [632] "I think the purpose of the study was to evaluate how regrets affect us."
## [633] "Views on decisions."
## [634] "How individuals view mistakes and/or hindsight."
## [635] "Whether people regret more the things they did in life, or the things they did Not do."
## [636] "I’m not sure, to evaluate feelings on regrets?"
## [637] "Testing regret"
## [638] "To see how much people regret their decisions."
## [639] "Feelings about regrets"
## [640] "Monitoring ones behavior"
## [641] "To see if inaction or action causes people more regret."
## [642] "To find out how regrets affect our future lives."
## [643] "To see what actions or inactions people see as important"
## [644] "What causes greater regret, action or inaction."
## [645] "Examine the influence of action versus inaction on feelings of regret and responsibility."
## [646] "To see how people view decisions"
## [647] "nothing"
## [648] "I think it was to determine if people regret more what they have done or missed opportunities."
## [649] "I think the purpose of the study was regrets and responsibility."
## [650] "If people generally regret inaction versus action."
## [651] "How people feel about life events."
## [652] "Perceptions of regret..."
## [653] "Regrets--what type of regrets people have the most."
## [654] "To realize that action and nonaction both have consequesces."
## [655] "the purpose of the study is to know people's greatest regrets"
## [656] "Examining how people feel about their regrets."
## [657] "life decisions and regrets"
## [658] "Determining if people regret actions they committed or inactions they didn't do more."
## [659] "How people regret action and inaction, and which they regret more."
## [660] "How regret effects a person."
## [661] "To assess perceptions of taking action versus no action as related to responsibility and regret"
## [662] "I guess to see which regret I felt was my biggest regret."
## [663] "i never guess correctly but i'd say it's maybe getting us to evaluate various regrets."
## [664] "Regrets/action"
## [665] "How we think about regrets?"
## [666] "To understand people's objectives"
## [667] "To assess how people evaluate inaction vs. action."
## [668] "To see if I had any regrets maybe?"
## [669] "To understand how people are affected by different types of regrets."
## [670] "To decide how much I would regret vs inaction and action."
## [671] "To see peoples views on missed actions or active choices"
## [672] "I think it was to see how we feel about regret."
## [673] "To judge how action and inaction are looked at differently over time"
## [674] "taking responsibility for one's decisions"
## [675] "Something to do with how we perceive our choices?"
## [676] "Comparing regrets of what has been done and what has not been done."
## [677] "To see if people regret actions or inaction more."
## [678] "How we determine a greater impact of action vs. inaction"
## [679] "perception of choices"
## [680] "making decisions"
## [681] "To determine where people feel the most regret."
## [682] "Personal regrets, etc."
## [683] "I'm really not sure"
## [684] "I think the purpose of this study is the see what people view as the biggest regrets. Things they've done that they wish they could do, or things they didn't do."
## [685] "To see whether people regret action or inaction more."
## [686] "To study how people perceive their own regrets in life based on action and inaction on their part."
## [687] "how people view life regarding action versus inaction, related to responsibility and regrets"
## [688] "Regrets based on inaction versus action."
## [689] "To see how we interpret regret"
## [690] "To decide which influences life more. Inaction or action."
## [691] "to determine how people view regrets that they have in their life"
## [692] "To see if its action or inaction that causes more regret"
## [693] "To see how we handle taking personal responsibilities on ourselves."
## [694] "I think it was to see if I regret things I did or didn't do more."
## [695] "Regrets over actions or inactions in life."
## [696] "whether detrimental inaction or action caused more regret"
## [697] "to see if people feel more guilty about a negative outcome that was a result of inactivity or a conscious decison"
## [698] "to understand whether people regret more the things they did or the things they didn't"
## [699] "Regrets"
## [700] "I suppose it's about regret for the path not chosen versus owning of one's own bad decisions."
## [701] "Why we have regrets?"
## [702] "what we learn fro social norms"
## [703] "To gage one's responsibilities and priorities"
## [704] "To determine if people regret action or inaction more."
## [705] "Perception of choosing?"
## [706] "I think it was trying to discover opinions on regret, whether people regret their actions more than their inactions or vice versa."
## [707] "Regrets and decisions made by an individual"
## [708] "investigating regrets"
## [709] "Was to determine people’s experiences and life choices"
## [710] "I AM NOT SURE."
## [711] "To determine if we regret things more that we did, or that resulted from our inaction."
## [712] "What regrets people think are greater, going for something and regretting or not taking the action in the first place."
## [713] "An academic survey."
## [714] "Not sure exactly"
## [715] "To see weather action or inaction makes a bigger impact."
## [716] "regret"
## [717] "how people deal with regret? maybe?"
## [718] "I do not have a guess."
## [719] "To see the percentage of how people feel about the actions they have made compared to actions they did not make that resulting in a negative affect."
## [720] "To look at our regrets."
## [721] "How we view regret in our lives"
## [722] "To get different opinions concerning regrets."
## [723] "How people feel about actions and inactions that they have made and not made"
## [724] "Judging the actions of others."
## [725] "Active vs. passive responsibility"
## [726] "to discover people's perceptions of regret and choices"
## [727] "determining if people regret actions or inactions more"
## [728] "I think it was trying to see if people feel worse about taking an action or inaction."
## [729] "Exploring views on regrets in life."
## [730] "my thoughts on past decisions"
## [731] "If you regret more what you do or what you don't do."
## [732] "Perceptions of risk and loss"
## [733] "Looking back over my life, I have made many mistakes and wish I could reverse them."
## [734] "Determine if action or inaction causes regret"
## [735] "The difference between acting and not acting regrets"
## [736] "To see if we regret our actions more or our inactions"
## [737] "Things which we were responsible for inaction and action."
## [738] "Understanding feelings of remorse versus responsibility for things you have done, or did not do."
## [739] "Thoughts on regrets and choices."
## [740] "Understanding people's thoughts about their regrets."
## [741] "to see if action or inaction results in more regret"
## [742] "to see if people regret things they have done or regret not doing things they wanted to do"
## [743] "Trying to determining whether action or inaction has a stronger impact on one's long-term feelings?"
## [744] "i do not know"
## [745] "Assess respondents' attitudes about responsibility and causal acceptance."
## [746] "Understand how people feel about the chances that they may have missed and how that effects their decisions."
## [747] "To see how we think about our actions"
## [748] "To see if people feel worse over actions or inactions in their life"
## [749] "Not sure to be honest."
## [750] "See if inaction or action regrets are taken more"
## [751] "To give my thoughts on feelings of responsibility over action or inaction."
## [752] "opinions"
## [753] "To get an idea of our stories of regret, to see if we were more let down by inaction or action regrets, and to get a feel for how we see responsibility and regret in other scenarios."
## [754] "How people place blame on themselves and view negatives outcomes when they make decisions"
## [755] "To see if people regret action or inaction more."
## [756] "To understand how people make decision's in various situations"
## [757] "I think it had to do with how I perceive different actions and levels of regret."
## [758] "To understand how people perceive regrets and responsibilities based on action and inaction"
## [759] "It was to study people's regrets."
## [760] "It was about which type of life regrets we feel worse about."
## [761] "i believe you were testing cognitive ability"
## [762] "I think the purpose was to test people's personalities and see about their regrets."
## [763] "Probably to see how people feel about things they've done, or not done, and how affected they are by it."
## [764] "Unsure - measuring the visceral effects of a poor decision?"
## [765] "I think it was to see how we perceive our regrets."
## [766] "to see if people have regrets doing things."
## [767] "To learn about people's regrets"
## [768] "My feelings and opinion on life regrets and responsibilty."
## [769] "thinking about what you did wrong and didnt do wrong"
## [770] "To see how people view regret in regards to whether it was from an action they took or inaction."
## [771] "i'm not sure."
## [772] "To consider relationship between action and regret."
## [773] "to see if action or inaction leads to greater regrets"
## [774] "To determine regrets and how they affect/resonate with individuals based on type."
## [775] "Our views on how we feel about our regrets in life."
## [776] "To see if people regret things they did do or didn't do more."
## [777] "How we look at our life decisions as we age."
## [778] "To evaluate whether people feel more responsible for things they did do or things they didn't do."
## [779] "To see if in general you regret actions or inactions in your life."
## [780] "The purpose of the study was to see if people felt more remorseful about action or inaction."
## [781] "To see what someone's regrets are and how that shapes their views somehow."
## [782] "Judging regrets"
## [783] "To see whether we regret things more based on if we chose to take action or didn't choose to take action"
## [784] "Finding out opinions"
## [785] "regret of action vs inaction"
## [786] "Looking at where we feel more responsible for action or inaction"
## [787] "To analyze feelings of regret. I was not thinking in terms of college experience."
## [788] "To see peoples views"
## [789] "see if people regret actions or inactions more"
## [790] "My thoughts on the subject matter."
## [791] "The purpose was to study how people perceive regret based on demographic information."
## [792] "how people feel about regret"
## [793] "To find out what we thought about our regrets/"
## [794] "It was about my regrets and inaction."
## [795] "To determine if people taking action causes less regret."
## [796] "Which is worse - regrets about actions, or inactions?"
## [797] "To understand people's sense of regret"
## [798] "I think the purpose was to study how people think about regrets."
## [799] "understand which regret was more important."
## [800] "learning about regrets"
## [801] "To understand the bias we have in evaluating our failures of commission versus omission"
## [802] "How people feel about regrets in their lives."
## [803] "Whether we regret more trying and failing or not trying and failing."
## [804] "Figuring out people's perceptions about regrets."
## [805] "How we evaluate inaction versus action in the mistakes we commit in life"
## [806] "to see how i feel about the things i do and don't do."
## [807] "I have no idea at this point"
## [808] "Evaluate regrets of actions vs. inaction"
## [809] "comparing beliefs about action and inaction"
## [810] "the purpose was to find out how people view their choices"
## [811] "I think the purpose was to see what different persons think about regrets of action and inaction."
## [812] "your responsibility of actions and inactions"
## [813] "How a person handles regret."
## [814] "It was a survey to see how people looked a regret, in action verses action."
## [815] "measuring how people allocate regrets - toward action or inaction"
## [816] "to see what peoples bigger regrets are?"
## [817] "I think it was comparing regret and responsibility."
## [818] "Perception of active regret"
## [819] "To see how people feel about the different forms of regret."
## [820] "Evaluating how people deal with regretful events in their lives."
## [821] "To see what kind of regrets affect us the most."
## [822] "To better understand the types of regrets that stay with a person longer."
## [823] "I think the purpose of the study was to see which kind of consequences (from action or inaction) is worse."
## [824] "If I'm willing to disclose something personal"
## [825] "seeing if doing something or not doing something caused a person more regret."
## [826] "evaluate how people see their regrets"
## [827] "this survey was to see how much people engage in self-blaming behavior."
## [828] "The study was about decisions and regrets."
## [829] "To see how people manage regret and choices."
## [830] "If we look back too much"
## [831] "I'm not sure specifically, other than to study how we feel about regrets, and if inaction or action regrets are more significant to us."
## [832] "Examining the difference in how people handle regrets about their actions or inaction"
## [833] "Which regrets do we carry with us further into life, action or inaction based regrets?"
## [834] "how you make choices"
## [835] "To determine whether action or inaction matters more to participants."
## [836] "To gain some insight on whether people feel more regret for things they have done, or things they haven't done."
## [837] "judging regret in action vs inaction"
## [838] "I think the purpose of the study was to assess how we view consequences of action and inaction."
## [839] "To evaluate perceived consequences and their effects based on one's action or inaction"
## [840] "To determine which is more powerful in decision making: action or regret of inaction."
## [841] "To study what type of regret people regret more?"
## [842] "evaluating our life"
## [843] "inaction vs action"
## [844] "to study how people look at regrets and what is worse - what they do vs what they don't do"
## [845] "Responsibility for behavior"
## [846] "This was to see if people feel more or less guilty for the things they did or didn't do."
## [847] "associative thinking"
## [848] "To see which of our regrets we regret the most."
## [849] "To find out peoples thought processes when it comes to negative behavior they bring upon themselves and their thoughts on their role of responsibility when it comes to the negative actions."
## [850] "To measure self worth based on things we regret"
## [851] "Understanding self reflection based on acts versus absenteeism"
## [852] "I have no idea what the purpose of this study was"
## [853] "What things people regret most in life, or that are still on their mind."
## [854] "to see if more people regret inaction or action"
## [855] "Deciding if people regret taking action or not taking action more."
## [856] "Possibly to determine if there was any correlation being what people wished they hadn't done and what they wished they would have done."
## [857] "To measure the difference in perspectives on regrets of omission or comission?"
## [858] "Something subtle, not at all sure what."
## [859] "I think this study was gauging how the regret of action vs. inaction over the short-term vs. long-term horizons may differ."
## [860] "Regrets in long run vs. short term"
## [861] "To gather data about peoples regrets"
## [862] "The purpose was designed to test the perception of people's ideas of regret and responsibilities and their connection."
## [863] "Views on making decisions and regrets"
## [864] "See if people regret action or inaction more"
## [865] "Our mistakes verses someone else's"
## [866] "To see how people feel about regrets."
## [867] "see how people determine responsibility, for action or inaction"
## [868] "Determine if inaction is more regrettable than taking actions."
## [869] "to see what people regret most in life"
## [870] "choice made and the regret of not making the right one"
## [871] "To see what people feel more personally responsible for"
## [872] "regrets and control in outcomes"
## [873] "Perceptions of action versus inaction and which is more significant"
## [874] "To know how you feel about your choices and possibly change them if you can."
## [875] "To determine if people feel more guilty over past actions or inaction."
## [876] "which is more impactful on life regrets for not doing or regrets for doing something"
## [877] "different perspectives on short term or long term regrets"
## [878] "Learning about what types of actions or inactions people most regret"
## [879] "The role of various regrets in life."
## [880] "studying decision making"
## [881] "I do not try to first or second guess the purpose of any survey I do on mTurk."
## [882] "If we place more emphasis on action or inaction when it leads to bad outcomes."
## [883] "To see if people regret actions or inactions more"
## [884] "whether a person feels more responsible for action, or inaction"
## [885] "To help me evaluate which has a great impact on our lives, action or inaction."
## [886] "I think you were trying to evaluate how regret can shape a life."
## [887] "Evaluating the level of regret/remorse relative to one actually taking action vs. not doing so."
## [888] "I think it was to compare weight of regrets between action and inaction types."
## [889] "I think it was a study on regrets and demographics."
## [890] "determine people's perceptions of different types of regrets"
## [891] "I don't really know."
## [892] "To determine if people have more regret over the actions they take or the ones they don't?"
## [893] "How people thoughts and feelings of regret are."
## [894] "Seeing whether actions or inactions are more significant."
## [895] "I think it was about regrets."
## [896] "To study whether regret is stronger due to action or inaction."
## [897] "Determing how we felt about regrets in our life"
## [898] "Action vs. inaction - which makes you feel more guilty?"
## [899] "I feel that the purpose of this study was to evaluate depression, suicide and other ungodly thoughts."
## [900] "I am not really sure"
## [901] "evaluations of life decisions ?"
## [902] "To reflect on the impact of whether people choose to face a problem and accept responsibility if they are aware."
## [903] "how we view our choices and regret"
## [904] "perceptions on regrets"
## [905] "If we regret our actions or inactions more."
## [906] "To see if regrets outweigh inaction in life decisions"
## [907] "Studying whether people feel more regret doing actions they've done, or actions they now wish they should've done"
## [908] "If there is more regret in inaction or in action where a negative outcome was realized."
## [909] "To see what aspect we would regret the most, and see if we apply that to other people as well."
## [910] "How one judges the importance of poor action versus inaction."
## [911] "to learn what people regretted more on their decision-making"
## [912] "Evaluate what is important in a person's lifie."
## [913] "To study whether people regret actions or inactions more."
## [914] "Gauging peoples regrets in different scenarios."
## [915] "seeing if action or inaction has more personal regret"
## [916] "Seeing how well one can evaluate regrets"
## [917] "It appears the study was about evaluating regrets on action versus inaction."
## [918] "To judge how we regret things"
## [919] "Whether people regret making decisions to act or not to act more and in what context."
## [920] "To evaluate how people view responsibility of negative results due to action compared to inaction."
## [921] "nice"
## [922] "To determine how people feel responsible for negative outcomes."
## [923] "Opinions on regrets and responsibilities."
## [924] "To determine how people assess their own regret based on inaction or action."
## [925] "To figure out what decisions people regret the most."
## [926] "To study regret over past experiences."
## [927] "I believe it was a survey of personal choice evaluation."
## [928] "To gather feedback on scenarios"
## [929] "Opinions on regrets"
## [930] "To see whether people view action or inaction as more harmful overall."
## [931] "I am unsure."
## [932] "Whether inaction or action makes us feel more guilty and responsible."
## [933] "I have no clue."
## [934] "to determine if people have more regrets due to an action or an inaction?"
## [935] "To infer whether people regret doing things or not doing things more."
## [936] "i dont know"
correct_guesses <- c("To see if people view regrets differently and in context, will they regret things they did not do or things they did do. Then you asked about long term regrets versus short term.", "I think this study was gauging how the regret of action vs. inaction over the short-term vs. long-term horizons may differ.", "I think it was about how action versus inaction affects our longterm feelings.", "This study wanted to see if action or inaction hurts more in the long run, and if the person feels more regret for one or the other.", "Determining the long-term affect of action vs. inaction choices", "To see which results in lifelong regret- action or inaction.","Judging action or inaction in the negative and how it affects long term thoughts and reflections", "Trying to determining whether action or inaction has a stronger impact on one's long-term feelings?")
datagmr <- excl_none_us %>% filter(!(funnel_purpose %in% correct_guesses))
nrow(datagmr)
## [1] 988
#Study 3 Short Term Regret
#Set up the table for frequencies of action Jim and inaction Dave
tablestudy3regst <- table(datagmr$regretdavejimshort)
tablestudy3regst
##
## 1 2
## 191 302
#Run chi-square test
chisqstudy3regst <- chisq.test(tablestudy3regst, p = c(1/2, 1/2))
chisqstudy3regst
##
## Chi-squared test for given probabilities
##
## data: tablestudy3regst
## X-squared = 24.992, df = 1, p-value = 5.757e-07
#Count action and inaction frequencies and no. of participants
inaction3regst <- sum((datagmr$regretdavejimshort[!is.na(datagmr$regretdavejimshort)])==1)
action3regst <- sum((datagmr$regretdavejimshort[!is.na(datagmr$regretdavejimshort)])==2)
n3regst <- length(datagmr$regretdavejimshort[!is.na(datagmr$regretdavejimshort)])
#Calculate z score
z.score(action3regst, n3regst, p = 0.5, correct = TRUE)
## [1] 4.954151
#Calculate proportions and CIs of action and inaction
propaction3regst <- prop.test(x = action3regst, n = n3regst, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propaction3regst
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: action3regst out of n3regst, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 24.992, df = 1, p-value = 5.757e-07
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.5688605 0.6545508
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.6125761
propinaction3regst <- prop.test(x = inaction3regst, n = n3regst, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propinaction3regst
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: inaction3regst out of n3regst, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 24.992, df = 1, p-value = 5.757e-07
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.3454492 0.4311395
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.3874239
#Calculate cramer V
observed3regst = c( inaction3regst, action3regst)
expected3regst = c( 1/2, 1/2)
threecramerregst <- cramerVFit(x = observed3regst, p = expected3regst, ci = TRUE, conf = 0.95, type = "perc", R = 1000, reportIncomplete = TRUE)
threecramerregst
## Cramer.V lower.ci upper.ci
## 1 0.2252 0.1359 0.3143
#Transform the counts into percentages
inaction3_regst_perc <- inaction3regst/n3regst * 100
action3_regst_perc <- action3regst/n3regst * 100
observed3regst_per <- c(action3_regst_perc, inaction3_regst_perc)
#Study 3 Long Term Regret
#Set up the table for frequencies of action Jim and inaction Dave
tablestudy3reglt <- table(datagmr$regdavejimlong)
tablestudy3reglt
##
## 1 2
## 284 209
#Run chi-square test
chisqstudy3reglt <- chisq.test(tablestudy3reglt, p = c(1/2, 1/2))
chisqstudy3reglt
##
## Chi-squared test for given probabilities
##
## data: tablestudy3reglt
## X-squared = 11.41, df = 1, p-value = 0.0007306
#Count action and inaction frequencies and no. of participants
inaction3reglt <- sum((datagmr$regdavejimlong[!is.na(datagmr$regdavejimlong)])==1)
action3reglt <- sum((datagmr$regdavejimlong[!is.na(datagmr$regdavejimlong)])==2)
n3reglt <- length(datagmr$regdavejimlong[!is.na(datagmr$regdavejimlong)])
#Calculate z score
z.score(action3reglt, n3reglt, p = 0.5, correct = TRUE)
## [1] -3.332792
#Calculate proportions and CIs of action and inaction
propaction3reglt <- prop.test(x = action3reglt, n = n3reglt, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propaction3reglt
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: action3reglt out of n3reglt, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 11.41, df = 1, p-value = 0.0007306
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.3810657 0.4679807
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.4239351
propinaction3reglt <- prop.test(x = inaction3reglt, n = n3reglt, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propinaction3reglt
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: inaction3reglt out of n3reglt, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 11.41, df = 1, p-value = 0.0007306
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.5320193 0.6189343
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.5760649
#Calculate cramer V
observed3reglt = c( inaction3reglt, action3reglt)
expected3reglt = c( 1/2, 1/2)
threecramerreglt <- cramerVFit(x = observed3reglt, p = expected3reglt, ci = TRUE, conf = 0.95, type = "perc", R = 1000, reportIncomplete = TRUE)
threecramerreglt
## Cramer.V lower.ci upper.ci
## 1 0.1521 0.06298 0.2373
#Transform the counts into percentages
inaction3_reglt_perc <- inaction3reglt/n3reglt * 100
action3_reglt_perc <- action3reglt/n3reglt * 100
observed3reglt_per <- c(action3_reglt_perc, inaction3_reglt_perc)
#Code adapted from https://community.rstudio.com/t/inserting-error-bars-on-a-percentage-graph/54337, for bar plots
#Regret short-term plot
DF3RegretST <- data.frame(ActionInactionRegretST3 = c(rep("Action", action3regst), rep("Inaction", inaction3regst)))
DF3RegretSTerror <- data.frame(ActionInactionRegretST3 = c("Action", "Inaction"),
Lower = c(56.88605, 34.54492),
Upper = c(65.45508, 43.11395))
DF3RegretSTerror
## ActionInactionRegretST3 Lower Upper
## 1 Action 56.88605 65.45508
## 2 Inaction 34.54492 43.11395
Study3_RegretST_Plot <- ggplot(DF3RegretST, aes(x = ActionInactionRegretST3, fill = ActionInactionRegretST3)) + labs(y = "Percentage Experiencing Stronger Regret", x = NULL) + geom_bar(aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..)*100)) + geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = Lower, ymax = Upper), data = DF3RegretSTerror, width = 0.2) + coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 100)) + geom_hline(yintercept = 50, linetype = 2, colour = "black") + theme(legend.position = "none") + ggtitle("Study 3: Short-Term Regret") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) + theme(axis.title.y = element_text(size = 7)) + geom_richtext(x = -Inf, y = Inf, label = "*V* = 0.23, 95% CI [0.13, 0.31]", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 0.77, y = 5, label = "61.26%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 1.77, y = 5, label = "38.74%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk")
#Regret long-term plot
DF3RegretLT <- data.frame(ActionInactionRegretLT3 = c(rep("Action", action3reglt), rep("Inaction", inaction3reglt)))
DF3RegretLTerror <- data.frame(ActionInactionRegretLT3 = c("Action", "Inaction"),
Lower = c(38.10657, 53.20193),
Upper = c(46.79807, 61.89343))
DF3RegretLTerror
## ActionInactionRegretLT3 Lower Upper
## 1 Action 38.10657 46.79807
## 2 Inaction 53.20193 61.89343
Study3_RegretLT_Plot <- ggplot(DF3RegretLT, aes(x = ActionInactionRegretLT3, fill = ActionInactionRegretLT3)) + labs(y = "Percentage Experiencing Stronger Regret", x = NULL) + geom_bar(aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..)*100)) + geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = Lower, ymax = Upper), data = DF3RegretLTerror, width = 0.2) + coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 100)) + geom_hline(yintercept = 50, linetype = 2, colour = "black") + theme(legend.position = "none") + ggtitle("Study 3: Long-Term Regret") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) + theme(axis.title.y = element_text(size = 7)) + geom_richtext(x = -Inf, y = Inf, label = "*V* = 0.15, 95% CI [0.06, 0.24]", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 0.77, y = 5, label = "42.39%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 1.77, y = 5, label = "57.61%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk")
#Study 3 Change from Action to Inaction vs Inaction to Action Regret
tablestudy3reg <- table(datagmr$regretdavejimshort, datagmr$regdavejimlong)
tablestudy3reg
##
## 1 2
## 1 171 20
## 2 113 189
observed3chan = c(113, 20)
#Calculate chi square
chisqstudy3chan <- chisq.test(observed3chan, p = c(1/2, 1/2))
chisqstudy3chan
##
## Chi-squared test for given probabilities
##
## data: observed3chan
## X-squared = 65.03, df = 1, p-value = 7.376e-16
#Calculate Cramer V
expected3chan = c( 1/2, 1/2)
threechancramer <- cramerVFit(x = observed3chan, p = expected3chan, ci = TRUE, conf = 0.95, type = "perc", R = 1000, reportIncomplete = TRUE)
threechancramer
## Cramer.V lower.ci upper.ci
## 1 0.6992 0.5789 0.8195
#Calculate z score
z.score(113, 133, p = 0.5, correct = TRUE)
## [1] 7.977412
#Calculate proportions and CIs of action to inaction change and inaction to action change
prop3regacttoinact <- prop.test(x = 113, n = 133, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
prop3regacttoinact
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: 113 out of 133, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 65.03, df = 1, p-value = 7.376e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.7791221 0.9004965
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.8496241
prop3reginacttoact <- prop.test(x = 20, n = 133, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
prop3reginacttoact
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: 20 out of 133, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 65.03, df = 1, p-value = 7.376e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.09950351 0.22087790
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.1503759
#Transform the counts into percentages
acttoinactreg3_perc <- 113/133 * 100
inacttoactreg3_perc <- 20/133 * 100
observed3regchan <- c(acttoinactreg3_perc, inacttoactreg3_perc)
#Study 3 McNemar tests for Regret
#Chi square
mcnemar.test(tablestudy3reg,
correct = TRUE)
##
## McNemar's Chi-squared test with continuity correction
##
## data: tablestudy3reg
## McNemar's chi-squared = 63.639, df = 1, p-value = 1.494e-15
library(exact2x2)
#Odds ratio with CIs
mcnemar.exact(tablestudy3reg, conf.level = 0.95)
##
## Exact McNemar test (with central confidence intervals)
##
## data: tablestudy3reg
## b = 20, c = 113, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true odds ratio is not equal to 1
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.1041660 0.2864162
## sample estimates:
## odds ratio
## 0.1769912
#Study 3 Short Term Responsibility
#Set up the table for frequencies of action Jim and inaction Dave
tablestudy3respst <- table(datagmr$respdavejimshort)
tablestudy3respst
##
## 1 2
## 129 364
#Run chi-square test
chisqstudy3respst <- chisq.test(tablestudy3respst, p = c(1/2, 1/2))
chisqstudy3respst
##
## Chi-squared test for given probabilities
##
## data: tablestudy3respst
## X-squared = 112.02, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16
#Count action and inaction frequencies and no. of participants
inaction3respst <- sum((datagmr$respdavejimshort[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimshort)])==1)
action3respst <- sum((datagmr$respdavejimshort[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimshort)])==2)
n3respst <- length(datagmr$respdavejimshort[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimshort)])
#Calculate z score
z.score(action3respst, n3respst, p = 0.5, correct = TRUE)
## [1] 10.53883
#Calculate proportions and CIs of action and inaction
propaction3respst <- prop.test(x = action3respst, n = n3respst, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propaction3respst
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: action3respst out of n3respst, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 112.02, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.6978011 0.7751868
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.7383367
propinaction3respst <- prop.test(x = inaction3respst, n = n3respst, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propinaction3respst
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: inaction3respst out of n3respst, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 112.02, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.2248132 0.3021989
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.2616633
#Calculate cramer V
observed3respst = c( inaction3respst, action3respst)
expected3respst = c( 1/2, 1/2)
threecramerrespst <- cramerVFit(x = observed3respst, p = expected3respst, ci = TRUE, conf = 0.95, type = "perc", R = 1000, reportIncomplete = TRUE)
threecramerrespst
## Cramer.V lower.ci upper.ci
## 1 0.4767 0.3956 0.5578
#Transform the counts into percentages
inaction3_respst_perc <- inaction3respst/n3respst * 100
action3_respst_perc <- action3respst/n3respst * 100
observed3respst_per <- c(action3_respst_perc, inaction3_respst_perc)
#Study 3 Long Term Responsibility
#Set up the table for frequencies of action Jim and inaction Dave
tablestudy3resplt <- table(datagmr$respdavejimlong)
tablestudy3resplt
##
## 1 2
## 194 299
#Run chi-square test
chisqstudy3resplt <- chisq.test(tablestudy3resplt, p = c(1/2, 1/2))
chisqstudy3resplt
##
## Chi-squared test for given probabilities
##
## data: tablestudy3resplt
## X-squared = 22.363, df = 1, p-value = 2.257e-06
#Count action and inaction frequencies and no. of participants
inaction3resplt <- sum((datagmr$respdavejimlong[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimlong)])==1)
action3resplt <- sum((datagmr$respdavejimlong[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimlong)])==2)
n3resplt <- length(datagmr$respdavejimlong[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimlong)])
#Calculate z score
z.score(action3resplt, n3resplt, p = 0.5, correct = TRUE)
## [1] 4.683924
#Calculate proportions and CIs of action and inaction
propaction3resplt <- prop.test(x = action3resplt, n = n3resplt, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propaction3resplt
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: action3resplt out of n3resplt, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 22.363, df = 1, p-value = 2.257e-06
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.5627031 0.6486319
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.6064909
propinaction3resplt <- prop.test(x = inaction3resplt, n = n3resplt, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propinaction3resplt
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: inaction3resplt out of n3resplt, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 22.363, df = 1, p-value = 2.257e-06
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.3513681 0.4372969
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.3935091
#Calculate cramer V
observed3resplt = c( inaction3resplt, action3resplt)
expected3resplt = c( 1/2, 1/2)
threecramerresplt <- cramerVFit(x = observed3resplt, p = expected3resplt, ci = TRUE, conf = 0.95, type = "perc", R = 1000, reportIncomplete = TRUE)
threecramerresplt
## Cramer.V lower.ci upper.ci
## 1 0.213 0.1237 0.3022
#Transform the counts into percentages
inaction3_resplt_perc <- inaction3resplt/n3resplt * 100
action3_resplt_perc <- action3resplt/n3resplt * 100
observed3resplt_per <- c(action3_resplt_perc, inaction3_resplt_perc)
#Code adapted from https://community.rstudio.com/t/inserting-error-bars-on-a-percentage-graph/54337, for bar plots
#Responsibility short-term plot
DF3ResponsibilityST <- data.frame(ActionInactionResponsibilityST3 = c(rep("Action", action3respst), rep("Inaction", inaction3respst)))
DF3ResponsibilitySTerror <- data.frame(ActionInactionResponsibilityST3 = c("Action", "Inaction"),
Lower = c(69.78011, 22.48132),
Upper = c(77.51868, 30.21989))
DF3ResponsibilitySTerror
## ActionInactionResponsibilityST3 Lower Upper
## 1 Action 69.78011 77.51868
## 2 Inaction 22.48132 30.21989
Study3_ResponsibilityST_Plot <- ggplot(DF3ResponsibilityST, aes(x = ActionInactionResponsibilityST3, fill = ActionInactionResponsibilityST3)) + labs(y = "Percentage Experiencing Stronger Responsibility", x = NULL) + geom_bar(aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..)*100)) + geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = Lower, ymax = Upper), data = DF3ResponsibilitySTerror, width = 0.2) + coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 100)) + geom_hline(yintercept = 50, linetype = 2, colour = "black") + theme(legend.position = "none") + ggtitle("Study 3: Short-Term Responsibility") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) + theme(axis.title.y = element_text(size = 7)) + geom_richtext(x = -Inf, y = Inf, label = "*V* = 0.48, 95% CI [0.40, 0.55]", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 0.77, y = 5, label = "73.83%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 1.77, y = 5, label = "26.17%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk")
#Responsibility long-term plot
DF3ResponsibilityLT <- data.frame(ActionInactionResponsibilityLT3 = c(rep("Action", action3resplt), rep("Inaction", inaction3resplt)))
DF3ResponsibilityLTerror <- data.frame(ActionInactionResponsibilityLT3 = c("Action", "Inaction"),
Lower = c(56.27031, 35.13681),
Upper = c(64.86319, 43.72969))
DF3ResponsibilityLTerror
## ActionInactionResponsibilityLT3 Lower Upper
## 1 Action 56.27031 64.86319
## 2 Inaction 35.13681 43.72969
Study3_ResponsibilityLT_Plot <- ggplot(DF3ResponsibilityLT, aes(x = ActionInactionResponsibilityLT3, fill = ActionInactionResponsibilityLT3)) + labs(y = "Percentage Experiencing Stronger Responsibility", x = NULL) + geom_bar(aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..)*100)) + geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = Lower, ymax = Upper), data = DF3ResponsibilityLTerror, width = 0.2) + coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 100)) + geom_hline(yintercept = 50, linetype = 2, colour = "black") + theme(legend.position = "none") + ggtitle("Study 3: Long-Term Responsibility") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) + theme(axis.title.y = element_text(size = 7)) + geom_richtext(x = -Inf, y = Inf, label = "*V* = 0.21, 95% CI [0.12, 0.30]", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 0.77, y = 5, label = "60.65%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 1.77, y = 5, label = "39.35%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk")
Study3_ResponsibilityLT_Plot
#Combine Study 3 Plots
Study3_RegretST_Plot + Study3_RegretLT_Plot + Study3_ResponsibilityST_Plot + Study3_ResponsibilityLT_Plot
#Study 3 Change from Action to Inaction vs Inaction to Action Responsibility
tablestudy3resp <- table(datagmr$respdavejimshort, datagmr$respdavejimlong)
tablestudy3resp
##
## 1 2
## 1 100 29
## 2 94 270
observed3chanresp = c(94, 29)
#Calculate chi square
chisqstudy3chanresp <- chisq.test(observed3chanresp, p = c(1/2, 1/2))
chisqstudy3chanresp
##
## Chi-squared test for given probabilities
##
## data: observed3chanresp
## X-squared = 34.35, df = 1, p-value = 4.605e-09
#Calculate Cramer V
expected3chanresp = c( 1/2, 1/2)
threechancramer <- cramerVFit(x = observed3chanresp, p = expected3chanresp, ci = TRUE, conf = 0.95, type = "perc", R = 1000, reportIncomplete = TRUE)
threechancramer
## Cramer.V lower.ci upper.ci
## 1 0.5285 0.3659 0.6911
#Calculate z score
z.score(94, 123, p = 0.5, correct = TRUE)
## [1] 5.770686
#Calculate proportions and CIs of action to inaction change and inaction to action change
prop3respacttoinact <- prop.test(x = 94, n = 123, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
prop3respacttoinact
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: 94 out of 123, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 34.35, df = 1, p-value = 4.605e-09
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.6819220 0.8305288
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.7642276
prop3respinacttoact <- prop.test(x = 29, n = 123, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
prop3respinacttoact
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: 29 out of 123, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 34.35, df = 1, p-value = 4.605e-09
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.1694712 0.3180780
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.2357724
#Transform the counts into percentages
acttoinactresp3_perc <- 94/123 * 100
inacttoactresp3_perc <- 29/123 * 100
observed3respchan <- c(acttoinactresp3_perc, inacttoactresp3_perc)
#Study 3 McNemar tests for Responsibility
#Chi square
mcnemar.test(tablestudy3resp,
correct = TRUE)
##
## McNemar's Chi-squared test with continuity correction
##
## data: tablestudy3resp
## McNemar's chi-squared = 33.301, df = 1, p-value = 7.895e-09
library(exact2x2)
#Odds ratio with CIs
mcnemar.exact(tablestudy3resp, conf.level = 0.95)
##
## Exact McNemar test (with central confidence intervals)
##
## data: tablestudy3resp
## b = 29, c = 94, p-value = 3.393e-09
## alternative hypothesis: true odds ratio is not equal to 1
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.1960853 0.4722028
## sample estimates:
## odds ratio
## 0.3085106
Summary:
We found support for action-effect in the short-run, and we found support for inaction-effect in the long-run.
We found support for the temporal effect of action-inaction effect.
# Study 4 Short Term Regret
#Set up the table for frequencies of action Jim and inaction Dave
tablestudy4regst <- table(datagmr$regretdavejimshort4)
tablestudy4regst
##
## 1 2
## 94 153
#Run chi-square test
chisqstudy4regst <- chisq.test(tablestudy4regst, p = c(1/2, 1/2))
chisqstudy4regst
##
## Chi-squared test for given probabilities
##
## data: tablestudy4regst
## X-squared = 14.093, df = 1, p-value = 0.000174
#Count action and inaction frequencies and no. of participants
inaction4regst <- sum((datagmr$regretdavejimshort4[!is.na(datagmr$regretdavejimshort4)])==1)
action4regst <- sum((datagmr$regretdavejimshort4[!is.na(datagmr$regretdavejimshort4)])==2)
n4regst <- length(datagmr$regretdavejimshort4[!is.na(datagmr$regretdavejimshort4)])
#Calculate z score
z.score(action4regst, n4regst, p = 0.5, correct = TRUE)
## [1] 3.690452
#Calculate proportions and CIs of action and inaction
propaction4regst <- prop.test(x = action4regst, n = n4regst, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propaction4regst
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: action4regst out of n4regst, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 14.093, df = 1, p-value = 0.000174
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.5574920 0.6777163
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.6194332
propinaction4regst <- prop.test(x = inaction4regst, n = n4regst, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propinaction4regst
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: inaction4regst out of n4regst, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 14.093, df = 1, p-value = 0.000174
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.3222837 0.4425080
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.3805668
#Calculate cramer V
observed4regst = c( inaction4regst, action4regst)
expected4regst = c( 1/2, 1/2)
fourcramerregst <- cramerVFit(x = observed4regst, p = expected4regst, ci = TRUE, conf = 0.95, type = "perc", R = 1000, reportIncomplete = TRUE)
fourcramerregst
## Cramer.V lower.ci upper.ci
## 1 0.2389 0.1174 0.3522
#Transform the counts into percentages
inaction4_regst_perc <- inaction4regst/n4regst * 100
action4_regst_perc <- action4regst/n4regst * 100
observed4regst_per <- c(action4_regst_perc, inaction4_regst_perc)
# Study 4 Long Term Regret
#Set up the table for frequencies of action Jim and inaction Dave
tablestudy4reglt <- table(datagmr$regdavejimlong4)
tablestudy4reglt
##
## 1 2
## 137 111
#Run chi-square test
chisqstudy4reglt <- chisq.test(tablestudy4reglt, p = c(1/2, 1/2))
chisqstudy4reglt
##
## Chi-squared test for given probabilities
##
## data: tablestudy4reglt
## X-squared = 2.7258, df = 1, p-value = 0.09874
#Count action and inaction frequencies and no. of participants
inaction4reglt <- sum((datagmr$regdavejimlong4[!is.na(datagmr$regdavejimlong4)])==1)
action4reglt <- sum((datagmr$regdavejimlong4[!is.na(datagmr$regdavejimlong4)])==2)
n4reglt <- length(datagmr$regdavejimlong4[!is.na(datagmr$regdavejimlong4)])
#Calculate z score
z.score(action4reglt, n4reglt, p = 0.5, correct = TRUE)
## [1] -1.587502
#Calculate proportions and CIs of action and inaction
propaction4reglt <- prop.test(x = action4reglt, n = n4reglt, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propaction4reglt
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: action4reglt out of n4reglt, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 2.7258, df = 1, p-value = 0.09874
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.3869628 0.5097976
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.4475806
propinaction4reglt <- prop.test(x = inaction4reglt, n = n4reglt, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propinaction4reglt
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: inaction4reglt out of n4reglt, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 2.7258, df = 1, p-value = 0.09874
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.4902024 0.6130372
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.5524194
#Calculate cramer V
observed4reglt = c( inaction4reglt, action4reglt)
expected4reglt = c( 1/2, 1/2)
fourcramerreglt <- cramerVFit(x = observed4reglt, p = expected4reglt, ci = TRUE, conf = 0.95, type = "perc", R = 1000, reportIncomplete = TRUE)
fourcramerreglt
## Cramer.V lower.ci upper.ci
## 1 0.1048 0.008065 0.2258
#Transform the counts into percentages
inaction4_reglt_perc <- inaction4reglt/n4reglt * 100
action4_reglt_perc <- action4reglt/n4reglt * 100
observed4reglt_per <- c(action4_reglt_perc, inaction4_reglt_perc)
#Code adapted from https://community.rstudio.com/t/inserting-error-bars-on-a-percentage-graph/54337, for bar plots
#Regret short-term plot
DF4RegretST <- data.frame(ActionInactionRegretST4 = c(rep("Action", action4regst), rep("Inaction", inaction4regst)))
DF4RegretSTerror <- data.frame(ActionInactionRegretST4 = c("Action", "Inaction"),
Lower = c(55.74920, 32.22837),
Upper = c(67.77163, 44.25080))
DF4RegretSTerror
## ActionInactionRegretST4 Lower Upper
## 1 Action 55.74920 67.77163
## 2 Inaction 32.22837 44.25080
Study4_RegretST_Plot <- ggplot(DF4RegretST, aes(x = ActionInactionRegretST4, fill = ActionInactionRegretST4)) + labs(y = "Percentage Experiencing Stronger Regret", x = NULL) + geom_bar(aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..)*100)) + geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = Lower, ymax = Upper), data = DF4RegretSTerror, width = 0.2) + coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 100)) + geom_hline(yintercept = 50, linetype = 2, colour = "black") + theme(legend.position = "none") + ggtitle("Study 4: Short-Term Regret") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) + theme(axis.title.y = element_text(size = 7)) + geom_richtext(x = -Inf, y = Inf, label = "*V* = 0.24, 95% CI [0.12, 0.36]", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 0.77, y = 5, label = "61.94%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 1.77, y = 5, label = "38.06%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk")
#Regret long-term plot
DF4RegretLT <- data.frame(ActionInactionRegretLT4 = c(rep("Action", action4reglt), rep("Inaction", inaction4reglt)))
DF4RegretLTerror <- data.frame(ActionInactionRegretLT4 = c("Action", "Inaction"),
Lower = c(38.69628, 49.02024),
Upper = c(50.97976, 61.30372))
DF4RegretLTerror
## ActionInactionRegretLT4 Lower Upper
## 1 Action 38.69628 50.97976
## 2 Inaction 49.02024 61.30372
Study4_RegretLT_Plot <- ggplot(DF4RegretLT, aes(x = ActionInactionRegretLT4, fill = ActionInactionRegretLT4)) + labs(y = "Percentage Experiencing Stronger Regret", x = NULL) + geom_bar(aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..)*100)) + geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = Lower, ymax = Upper), data = DF4RegretLTerror, width = 0.2) + coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 100)) + geom_hline(yintercept = 50, linetype = 2, colour = "black") + theme(legend.position = "none") + ggtitle("Study 4: Long-Term Regret") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) + theme(axis.title.y = element_text(size = 7)) + geom_richtext(x = -Inf, y = Inf, label = "*V* = 0.10, 95% CI [0.01, 0.23]", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 0.77, y = 5, label = "44.76%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 1.77, y = 5, label = "55.24%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk")
#Study 4 Test of Independence Regret
#Combine short-term tables and long-term tables
tab4reg <- as.table(rbind(tablestudy4regst, tablestudy4reglt))
tab4reg
## 1 2
## tablestudy4regst 94 153
## tablestudy4reglt 137 111
#COnduct chi-square test
study4regtestindependence <- chisq.test(tab4reg, correct = FALSE)
study4regtestindependence
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: tab4reg
## X-squared = 14.684, df = 1, p-value = 0.0001271
#Cramer V
CramerV(tab4reg, conf.level = 0.95)
## Cramer V lwr.ci upr.ci
## 0.17223537 0.08414594 0.26033580
# Study 4 Short Term Responsibility
#Set up the table for frequencies of action Jim and inaction Dave
tablestudy4respst <- table(datagmr$respdavejimshort4)
tablestudy4respst
##
## 1 2
## 62 185
#Run chi-square test
chisqstudy4respst <- chisq.test(tablestudy4respst, p = c(1/2, 1/2))
chisqstudy4respst
##
## Chi-squared test for given probabilities
##
## data: tablestudy4respst
## X-squared = 61.251, df = 1, p-value = 5.024e-15
#Count action and inaction frequencies and no. of participants
inaction4respst <- sum((datagmr$respdavejimshort4[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimshort4)])==1)
action4respst <- sum((datagmr$respdavejimshort4[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimshort4)])==2)
n4respst <- length(datagmr$respdavejimshort4[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimshort4)])
#Calculate z score
z.score(action4respst, n4respst, p = 0.5, correct = TRUE)
## [1] 7.762674
#Calculate proportions and CIs of action and inaction
propaction4respst <- prop.test(x = action4respst, n = n4respst, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propaction4respst
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: action4respst out of n4respst, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 61.251, df = 1, p-value = 5.024e-15
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.6913816 0.7989679
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.7489879
propinaction4respst <- prop.test(x = inaction4respst, n = n4respst, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propinaction4respst
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: inaction4respst out of n4respst, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 61.251, df = 1, p-value = 5.024e-15
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.2010321 0.3086184
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.2510121
#Calculate cramer V
observed4respst = c( inaction4respst, action4respst)
expected4respst = c( 1/2, 1/2)
fourcramerrespst <- cramerVFit(x = observed4respst, p = expected4respst, ci = TRUE, conf = 0.95, type = "perc", R = 1000, reportIncomplete = TRUE)
fourcramerrespst
## Cramer.V lower.ci upper.ci
## 1 0.498 0.3927 0.6113
#Transform the counts into percentages
inaction4_respst_perc <- inaction4respst/n4respst * 100
action4_respst_perc <- action4respst/n4respst * 100
observed4respst_per <- c(action4_respst_perc, inaction4_respst_perc)
# Study 4 Long Term Responsibility
#Set up the table for frequencies of action Jim and inaction Dave
tablestudy4resplt <- table(datagmr$respdavejimlong4)
tablestudy4resplt
##
## 1 2
## 78 170
#Run chi-square test
chisqstudy4resplt <- chisq.test(tablestudy4resplt, p = c(1/2, 1/2))
chisqstudy4resplt
##
## Chi-squared test for given probabilities
##
## data: tablestudy4resplt
## X-squared = 34.129, df = 1, p-value = 5.158e-09
#Count action and inaction frequencies and no. of participants
inaction4resplt <- sum((datagmr$respdavejimlong4[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimlong4)])==1)
action4resplt <- sum((datagmr$respdavejimlong4[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimlong4)])==2)
n4resplt <- length(datagmr$respdavejimlong4[!is.na(datagmr$respdavejimlong4)])
#Calculate z score
z.score(action4resplt, n4resplt, p = 0.5, correct = TRUE)
## [1] 5.778506
#Calculate proportions and CIs of action and inaction
propaction4resplt <- prop.test(x = action4resplt, n = n4resplt, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propaction4resplt
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: action4resplt out of n4resplt, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 34.129, df = 1, p-value = 5.158e-09
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.6252387 0.7400705
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.6854839
propinaction4resplt <- prop.test(x = inaction4resplt, n = n4resplt, p = 0.5,
correct = FALSE)
propinaction4resplt
##
## 1-sample proportions test without continuity correction
##
## data: inaction4resplt out of n4resplt, null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 34.129, df = 1, p-value = 5.158e-09
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.2599295 0.3747613
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.3145161
#Calculate cramer V
observed4resplt = c( inaction4resplt, action4resplt)
expected4resplt = c( 1/2, 1/2)
fourcramerresplt <- cramerVFit(x = observed4resplt, p = expected4resplt, ci = TRUE, conf = 0.95, type = "perc", R = 1000, reportIncomplete = TRUE)
fourcramerresplt
## Cramer.V lower.ci upper.ci
## 1 0.371 0.2581 0.4839
#Transform the counts into percentages
inaction4_resplt_perc <- inaction4resplt/n4resplt * 100
action4_resplt_perc <- action4resplt/n4resplt * 100
observed4resplt_per <- c(action4_resplt_perc, inaction4_resplt_perc)
#Code adapted from https://community.rstudio.com/t/inserting-error-bars-on-a-percentage-graph/54337, for bar plots
#Responsibility short-term plot
DF4ResponsibilityST <- data.frame(ActionInactionResponsibilityST4 = c(rep("Action", action4respst), rep("Inaction", inaction4respst)))
DF4ResponsibilitySTerror <- data.frame(ActionInactionResponsibilityST4 = c("Action", "Inaction"),
Lower = c(69.13816, 20.10321),
Upper = c(79.89679, 30.86184))
DF4ResponsibilitySTerror
## ActionInactionResponsibilityST4 Lower Upper
## 1 Action 69.13816 79.89679
## 2 Inaction 20.10321 30.86184
Study4_ResponsibilityST_Plot <- ggplot(DF4ResponsibilityST, aes(x = ActionInactionResponsibilityST4, fill = ActionInactionResponsibilityST4)) + labs(y = "Percentage Experiencing Stronger Responsibility", x = NULL) + geom_bar(aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..)*100)) + geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = Lower, ymax = Upper), data = DF4ResponsibilitySTerror, width = 0.2) + coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 100)) + geom_hline(yintercept = 50, linetype = 2, colour = "black") + theme(legend.position = "none") + ggtitle("Study 4: Short-Term Responsibility") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) + theme(axis.title.y = element_text(size = 7)) + geom_richtext(x = -Inf, y = Inf, label = "*V* = 0.17, 95% CI [0.08, 0.26]", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 0.77, y = 5, label = "74.90%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 1.77, y = 5, label = "25.10%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk")
#Responsibility long-term plot
DF4ResponsibilityLT <- data.frame(ActionInactionResponsibilityLT4 = c(rep("Action", action4resplt), rep("Inaction", inaction4resplt)))
DF4ResponsibilityLTerror <- data.frame(ActionInactionResponsibilityLT4 = c("Action", "Inaction"),
Lower = c(62.52387, 25.99295),
Upper = c(74.00705, 37.47613))
DF4ResponsibilityLTerror
## ActionInactionResponsibilityLT4 Lower Upper
## 1 Action 62.52387 74.00705
## 2 Inaction 25.99295 37.47613
Study4_ResponsibilityLT_Plot <- ggplot(DF4ResponsibilityLT, aes(x = ActionInactionResponsibilityLT4, fill = ActionInactionResponsibilityLT4)) + labs(y = "Percentage Experiencing Stronger Responsibility", x = NULL) + geom_bar(aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..)*100)) + geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = Lower, ymax = Upper), data = DF4ResponsibilityLTerror, width = 0.2) + coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 100)) + geom_hline(yintercept = 50, linetype = 2, colour = "black") + theme(legend.position = "none") + ggtitle("Study 4: Long-Term Responsibility") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) + theme(axis.title.y = element_text(size = 7)) + geom_richtext(x = -Inf, y = Inf, label = "*V* = 0.50, 95% CI [0.38, 0.60]", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 0.77, y = 5, label = "68.55%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk") + geom_richtext(x = 1.77, y = 5, label = "31.45%", hjust = 0, vjust = 1, fill = "cornsilk")
#Combine Study 4 Plots
Study4_RegretST_Plot + Study4_RegretLT_Plot + Study4_ResponsibilityST_Plot + Study4_ResponsibilityLT_Plot
#Study 4 Test of Independence Responsibility
#Combine short-term tables and long-term tables
tab4resp <- as.table(rbind(tablestudy4respst, tablestudy4resplt))
tab4resp
## 1 2
## tablestudy4respst 62 185
## tablestudy4resplt 78 170
#COnduct chi-square test
study4resptestindependence <- chisq.test(tab4resp, correct = FALSE)
study4resptestindependence
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: tab4resp
## X-squared = 2.4604, df = 1, p-value = 0.1168
#Cramer V
CramerV(tab4resp, conf.level = 0.95)
## Cramer V lwr.ci upr.ci
## 0.07050129 0.00000000 0.15859731
Summary:
We found support for action-effect in the short-run, but the inaction-effect failed to reach significance in the long-run.
We also found support for the temporal effect on action-inaction effect.
pander(sessionInfo(), compact = FALSE)
R version 4.0.2 (2020-06-22)
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
locale: LC_COLLATE=English_Hong Kong SAR.1252, LC_CTYPE=English_Hong Kong SAR.1252, LC_MONETARY=English_Hong Kong SAR.1252, LC_NUMERIC=C and LC_TIME=English_Hong Kong SAR.1252
attached base packages:
other attached packages:
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):